Mohammed al fahim biography of william shakespeare

The Elizabethan Stage. Shakespearean Gleanings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Clemen, Wolfgang Shakespeare's Soliloquies. Translated by Scott-Stokes, Charity. Clemen, Wolfgang a. Shakespeare's Dramatic Art: Collected Essays. New York: Routledge. Clemen, Wolfgang b. Shakespeare's Imagery 2nd ed. Cooper, Tarnya Searching for Shakespeare.

Craig, Leon Harold Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Cressy, David Education in Tudor and Stuart England. New York: St Martin's Press. Crystal, David The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Dobson, Michael Dominik, Mark Shakespeare—Middleton Collaborations. Beaverton: Alioth Press. Dowden, Edward New York: D. Drakakis, John In Drakakis, John ed.

Alternative Shakespeares. New York: Methuen. Dryden, John Arnold, Thomas ed. Dryden: An Essay of Dramatic Poesy. Dutton, Richard; Howard, Jean E. Edwards, Phillip Shakespeare's Romances: — Shakespeare Survey. Eliot, T. Elizabethan Essays. Evans, G. Blakemore , ed. The Sonnets. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Foakes, R. In Braunmuller, A. Friedman, Michael D.

In Nelsen, Paul; Schlueter, June eds. Frye, Roland Mushat The Art of the Dramatist. London; New York: Routledge. Gibbons, Brian Shakespeare and Multiplicity. Gibson, H. Grady, Hugh a. Grady, Hugh b. In de Grazia, Margreta; Wells, Stanley eds. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare. Greenblatt, Stephen London: Pimlico. Greenblatt, Stephen ; Abrams, Meyer Howard , eds.

The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Greer, Germaine Holland, Peter, ed. Archived from the original on 29 August Retrieved 14 June Honan, Park Shakespeare: A Life. Honigmann, E. Shakespeare: The 'Lost Years' Revised ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Johnson, Samuel []. Lynch, Jack ed. Delray Beach: Levenger Press. Jonson, Ben [].

In Hinman, Charlton ed. The First Folio of Shakespeare 2nd ed. New York: W. Shakespeare After Theory. Kermode, Frank The Age of Shakespeare. Kinney, Arthur F. The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare. Knutson, Roslyn Playing Companies and Commerce in Shakespeare's Time. Lee, Sidney Levenson, Jill L. Romeo and Juliet. Levin, Harry In Wells, Stanley ed.

The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies. Love, Harold Attributing Authorship: An Introduction. Maguire, Laurie E. McDonald, Russ Shakespeare's Late Style. McIntyre, Ian Harmondsworth: Allen Lane. New York: Odyssey Press. Meagher, John C. Muir, Kenneth Shakespeare's Tragic Sequence. Nagler, A. Shakespeare's Stage. Editing Shakespeare.

Pequigney, Joseph Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pollard, Alfred W. London: Methuen. Pritchard, Arnold Catholic Loyalism in Elizabethan England. Ribner, Irving Ringler, William Jr Roe, John, ed. The New Cambridge Shakespeare 2nd revised ed. Rowe, Nicholas []. Nicholl, Charles ed. William Shakespear. Pallas Athene. Rowse, A. William Shakespeare; A Biography.

Shakespeare: The Man Revised ed. Sawyer, Robert Victorian Appropriations of Shakespeare. Schanzer, Ernest The Problem Plays of Shakespeare. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Schoch, Richard W. In Wells, Stanley ; Stanton, Sarah eds. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage. Schoenbaum, Samuel William Shakespeare: Records and Images.

William Blake. The Library of Art. Schoenbaum, S. Shakespeare's Lives. Shapiro, James London: Faber and Faber. Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare? Smith, Irwin Shakespeare's Blackfriars Playhouse. Snyder, Susan; Curren-Aquino, Deborah, eds. The Winter's Tale. Steiner, George The Death of Tragedy. Taylor, Gary William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion.

Taylor, Gary []. London: Hogarth Press. Wain, John Samuel Johnson. New York: Viking. Wells, Stanley Shakespeare: A Life in Drama. New York: Pantheon. Wells, Stanley ; Orlin, Lena Cowen, eds. Shakespeare: An Oxford Guide. Gross, John Kathman, David He was the first son and the first surviving child in the family; two earlier children, Joan and Margaret, had died early.

His parents were John Shakespeare , a successful glover originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden , the youngest daughter of John's father's landlord, a member of the local gentry. The couple married around and lived on Henley Street when Shakespeare was born, purportedly in a house now known as Shakespeare's Birthplace. They had eight children: Joan baptised 15 September , died in infancy , Margaret baptised 2 December — buried 30 April , William, Gilbert baptised 13 October — buried 2 February , Joan baptised 15 April — buried 4 November , Anne baptised 28 September — buried 4 April , Richard baptised 11 March — buried 4 February and Edmund baptised 3 May — buried London, 31 December Shakespeare's family was above average materially during his childhood.

His father's business was thriving at the time of William's birth. John Shakespeare owned several properties in Stratford and had a profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing in wool. He was appointed to several municipal offices and served as an alderman in , culminating in a term as bailiff , the chief magistrate of the town council , in For reasons unclear to history he fell upon hard times, beginning in , when William was After four years of non-attendance at council meetings, he was finally replaced as burgess in A close analysis of Shakespeare's works compared with the standard curriculum of the time confirms that Shakespeare had received a grammar school education.

Mohammed al fahim biography of william shakespeare

It was free to all male children, and though there is no direct evidence of which grammar school Shakespeare attended, there is hardly a possibility that it was any other than the school in Stratford. The school day typically ran from 6 a. Direct evidence of the curriculum at Shakespeare's particular school or the paedagogical methods of his schoolteachers is lacking, but William Lily 's Latin grammar was required to be used throughout England by royal decree, [ 21 ] [ 22 ] and the curriculum was essentially uniform with slight variations.

After Aesop, Shakespeare would have had his first introduction to dramatic structure by studying the comedies of Terence , and perhaps some of Plautus as well. At about the age of 10, Shakespeare progressed to the upper grammar school taught by the master. It was also in the upper grammar school that Shakespeare began his study of classical Latin verse.

Subject matter for Shakespeare's composition exercises in both prose and verse would have been drawn from authors of history, of whom Sallust and Caesar were nearly always required. Ben Jonson's statement that Shakespeare had "small Latine, and lesse Greeke " is the strongest evidence that Shakespeare knew any Greek whatsoever. By the end of their studies, grammar school pupils were quite familiar with the great Latin authors, and with Latin drama and rhetoric.

Shakespeare is unique among his contemporaries in the extent of figurative language derived from country life and nature. On 27 November , Shakespeare was issued a special licence to marry Anne Hathaway , the daughter of the late Richard Hathaway, a yeoman farmer of Shottery, about a mile west of Stratford the clerk mistakenly recorded the name "Anne Whateley".

The licence, issued by the consistory court of the diocese of Worcester, 21 miles 34 km west of Stratford, allowed the two to marry with only one proclamation of the marriage banns in church instead of the customary three successive Sundays. The reason for the special licence became apparent six months later with the baptism of their first daughter, Susanna , on 26 May Their twin children — a son Hamnet and a daughter Judith named after Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Judith Sadler — were baptised on 2 February , before Shakespeare was 21 years of age.

After the baptism of the twins in , and except for being party to a lawsuit to recover part of his mother's estate which had been mortgaged and lost by default, Shakespeare leaves no historical traces until Robert Greene jealously alludes to him as part of the London theatrical scene in This seven-year period — known as the "lost years" to Shakespeare scholars — was filled by early biographers with inferences drawn from local traditions and by more recent biographers with surmises about the onset of his acting career deduced from textual and bibliographic hints and the surviving records of the various troupes of players, acting at that time.

While this lack of records bars any certainty about his activity during those years, it is certain that by the time of Greene's attack on the year-old, Shakespeare had acquired a reputation as an actor and burgeoning playwright. Several hypotheses have been put forth to account for his life during this time, and a number of accounts are given by his earliest biographers.

According to Shakespeare's first biographer Nicholas Rowe , Shakespeare fled Stratford after he got in trouble for poaching deer from local squire Thomas Lucy , and that he then wrote a scurrilous ballad about Lucy. It is also reported, according to a note added by Samuel Johnson to the edition of Rowe's Life , that Shakespeare minded the horses for theatre patrons in London.

Johnson adds that the story had been told to Alexander Pope by Rowe. In a book, W. Nicholas Knight presented a theory that Shakespeare pursued a legal career, finding evidence of such training in his written works. Knight for a "lack of scholarly objectivity. In E. Honigmann proposed that Shakespeare acted as a schoolmaster in Lancashire , [ 65 ] on the evidence found in the will of a member of the Houghton family, referring to plays and play-clothes and asking his kinsman Thomas Hesketh to take care of "William Shakeshaft, now dwelling with me".

Honigmann proposed that John Cottam, Shakespeare's reputed last schoolmaster, recommended the young man. Another idea is that Shakespeare may have joined Queen Elizabeth's Men in , after the sudden death of actor William Knell in a fight while on a tour which later took in Stratford. Samuel Schoenbaum speculates that, "Maybe Shakespeare took Knell's place and thus found his way to London and stage-land.

Though Shakespeare is known today primarily as a playwright and poet, his main occupation was as a player and sharer in an acting troupe. How or when Shakespeare got into acting is unknown. The profession was unregulated by a guild that could have established restrictions on new entrants to the profession—actors were literally "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to break into the field in the Elizabethan era.

Certainly Shakespeare had many opportunities to see professional playing companies in his youth. Before being allowed to perform for the general public, touring playing companies were required to present their play before the town council to be licensed. Players first acted in Stratford in , the year that John Shakespeare was bailiff. Before Shakespeare turned 20, the Stratford town council had paid for at least 18 performances by at least 12 playing companies.

In one playing season alone, that of —87, five different acting troupes visited Stratford. By late , Shakespeare was part-owner of a playing company , known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men —like others of the period, the company took its name from its aristocratic sponsor, in this case the Lord Chamberlain. The group became so popular that, after the death of Elizabeth I and the coronation of James I , the new monarch adopted the company, which then became known as the King's Men , after the death of their previous sponsor.

Shakespeare's works are written within the frame of reference of the career actor, rather than a member of the learned professions or from scholarly book-learning. The Shakespeare family had long sought armorial bearings and the status of gentleman. William's father John, a bailiff of Stratford with a wife of good birth, was eligible for a coat of arms and applied to the College of Heralds , but evidently his worsening financial status prevented him from obtaining it.

The application was successfully renewed in , most probably at the instigation of William himself as he was the more prosperous at the time. The motto "Non sanz droict" "Not without right" was attached to the application, but it was not used on any armorial displays that have survived. The theme of social status and restoration runs deep through the plots of many of his plays, and at times Shakespeare seems to mock his own longing.

By , Shakespeare had moved to the parish of St. He is also listed among the actors in Jonson's Sejanus His Fall. Also by , his name began to appear on the title pages of his plays, presumably as a selling point. There is a tradition that Shakespeare, in addition to writing many of the plays his company enacted and concerned with business and financial details as part-owner of the company, continued to act in various parts, such as the ghost of Hamlet's father, Adam in As You Like It , and the Chorus in Henry V.

He appears to have moved across the River Thames to Southwark sometime around In , Shakespeare acted as a matchmaker for his landlord's daughter. Legal documents from , when the case was brought to trial, show that Shakespeare was a tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker a maker of ornamental headdresses in the northwest of London in Mountjoy's apprentice Stephen Bellott wanted to marry Mountjoy's daughter.

Shakespeare was enlisted as a go-between, to help negotiate the terms of the dowry. On Shakespeare's assurances, the couple married. Eight years later, Bellott sued his father-in-law for delivering only part of the dowry. During the Bellott v Mountjoy case one witness, in a deposition, said that Christopher Mountjoy called on Shakespeare and encouraged him to persuade Stephen Belott to the marriage of his daughter.

Then Shakespeare was called to testify, and according to the record, said that Belott was "a very good and industrious servant". When it came to specifics about the size of the dowry and promised inheritance due the daughter, Shakespeare did not remember. A second set of questions was prepared for Shakespeare to testify again, but that appears not to have happened.

The case was then turned over to the elders of the Huguenot church for arbitration. By the early 17th century, Shakespeare had become very prosperous. The most serious and intense skepticism began in the 19 th century when adoration for Shakespeare was at its highest. The detractors believed that the only hard evidence surrounding Shakespeare from Stratford-upon-Avon described a man from modest beginnings who married young and became successful in real estate.

They contend that Shakespeare had neither the education nor the literary training to write such eloquent prose and create such rich characters. However, the vast majority of Shakespearean scholars contend that Shakespeare wrote all his own plays. They point out that other playwrights of the time also had sketchy histories and came from modest backgrounds.

They point to evidence that displays his name on the title pages of published poems and plays. There is also strong circumstantial evidence of personal relationships by contemporaries who interacted with Shakespeare as an actor and a playwright. What seems to be true is that Shakespeare was a respected man of the dramatic arts who wrote plays and acted in the late 16 th and early 17 th centuries.

Beginning with the Romantic period of the early s and continuing through the Victorian period, acclaim and reverence for Shakespeare and his work reached its height. In the 20 th century, new movements in scholarship and performance rediscovered and adopted his works. Today, his plays remain highly popular and are constantly studied and reinterpreted in performances with diverse cultural and political contexts.

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Agatha Christie. Truman Capote. August Wilson. Langston Hughes. Learn More about his Sonnets. In addition, not a single manuscript he wrote in his own hand survived the centuries. One scholarly explanation for this lack of historical verification is that "William Shakespeare" was the pen name of some more illustrious, well-educated figure of the Elizabethan era.

The controversy did not see the light of day until more than two centuries after the bard's death. Among the first to question the authorship of such all-time great works as "Macbeth" was a Pennsylvanian Lutheran named Samuel Schmucker, and he was merely drawing an analogy. He likened the scholarly trend of his time in using historic data to raise doubts about the existence of Christ was akin to speculating that Shakespeare never existed.

An offhand remark, but that is all it took to sow the seed of controversy. Some of the fuel for the fire included: 1. The lack of documentation for Shakespeare's existence. The disputed authorship of particular works. The unlikelihood that someone with the bard's background would rise to greatness. The controversy has even found its way into the U.

Supreme Court as the subject of a moot debate. One of the bard's most enduring influences is on the English language. Not only are many quotes from his plays, such as Polonius' advice to Hamlet, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be," a part of the English lexicon, but the way in which Shakespeare shaped the language to suit his own artistic purposes would influence future writers and poets throughout subsequent history, from Charles Dickens to Maya Angelou.

Charles Dickens drew upon the bard's writings for many of his titles as well as numerous quotations he used within his novels. Shakespeare also enriched the language with the addition of approximately 2, new words and numerous new usages of existing vocabulary.