Joseph swan wikipedia indonesia

Swan recognised that this was due to the lack of a vacuum, but he was not able to improve upon this until when he used the newly invented Sprengel air pump. In January Swan demonstrated some of his incandescent lamps in Newcastle, and in November he applied for a patent on his newly improved filaments. In , Swan founded his own company, the Swan Electric Light Company, and started commercial production.

Around the same time, Thomas Edison in the US had founded his own commercial incandescent manufacturing firm, the Edison Electric Light Company, and the two firms began to compete with one another. Unfortunately, Swan had not sought a patent covering his lamp in general terms as he thought it was a combination of well-known ideas, whereas Edison had.

Swan became a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in and was President from His parents were John Swan and Isabella Cameron. He augmented his education with a fascination for his surroundings, the industry of the area, and reading at Sunderland Library. Swan subsequently joined Mawson's, a firm of manufacturing chemists in Newcastle upon Tyne , started in the year of Swan's birth by John Mawson [ 4 ] 9 September — 17 December , the husband of his sister, Elizabeth Swan 22 November — 2 August In , Swan was offered a partnership at Mawson's.

The premises, now occupied by fashion retailer END. Swan lived at Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead , a large house on Kells Lane North, where he conducted most of his experiments in the large conservatory. In , Swan began working on a light bulb using carbonised paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb. By , he was able to demonstrate a working device, but the lack of a good vacuum, and of an adequate electric source, resulted in an inefficient light bulb with a short life.

Swan's design was similar in construction to the Sprengel pump and predates Herman Sprengel's research by two years. Furthermore, it is notable that Sprengel conducted his research while visiting London, [ 11 ] and was probably aware of the annual reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Nonetheless, Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison are later reported to have used the Sprengel pump to evacuate their carbon filament lamps.

In , Swan returned to consider the problem of the light bulb with the aid of a better vacuum and a carbonised thread as a filament. The most significant feature of Swan's improved lamp was that there was little residual oxygen in the vacuum tube to ignite the filament, thus allowing the filament to glow almost white-hot without catching fire.

However, his filament had low resistance, thus needing heavy copper wires to supply it. Swan first publicly demonstrated his incandescent carbon lamp at a lecture for the Newcastle upon Tyne Chemical Society on 18 December However, after burning with a bright light for some minutes in his laboratory, the lamp broke down owing to excessive current.

Joseph swan wikipedia indonesia

On 17 January this lecture was successfully repeated with the lamp shown in actual operation; Swan had solved the problem of incandescent electric lighting by means of a vacuum lamp. On 3 February he publicly demonstrated a working lamp to an audience of over seven hundred people in the lecture theatre of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne , Sir William Armstrong of Cragside presiding.

Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament, and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce "parchmentised thread", and obtained British Patent on 27 November His house, Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead , was the world's first to have working light bulbs installed. The Savoy , a state-of-the-art theatre in the City of Westminster , London, was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity.

As everyone knows, each gas-burner consumes as much oxygen as many people, and causes great heat beside. The incandescent lamps consume no oxygen, and cause no perceptible heat. At that performance, Carte stepped on stage and broke a glowing lightbulb before the audience to demonstrate the safety of Swan's new technology. On 29 December , The Times described the electric lighting as visually superior to gaslight.

The first private residence, other than the inventor's, lit by the new incandescent lamp was that of his friend, Sir William Armstrong at Cragside , near Rothbury , Northumberland. Swan personally supervised the installation there in December Swan had formed "The Swan Electric Light Company Ltd" with a factory at Benwell, Newcastle, and had established the first commercial manufacture of incandescent lightbulbs by the beginning of Swan's carbon rod lamp and carbon filament lamp, while functional, were still relatively impractical owing to low resistance needing very expensive thick copper wiring and short running life.

In , he developed and patented a process for squeezing nitrocellulose through holes to form conducting fibres. His newly established company which by merger eventually became the Edison and Swan United Company used Swan's cellulose filaments in their bulbs. The textile industry has also used this process. She was fitted with incandescent lamps in June Edison Kolaborasi.

Kopling umum nama Swan dengan yang dari Edison sehubungan dengan lampu pijar listrik sering menyebabkan gagasan bahwa Swan berkolaborasi dengan Edison dalam penemuan ini. Itu tidak begitu. Pekerjaan mereka adalah benar-benar independen, dan meskipun masing-masing tahu yang lain bekerja pada masalah merancang lampu praktis, mereka tidak bertemu atau berkomunikasi dengan satu sama lain.

Gabungan dari nama mereka muncul pada tahun ketika dua perusahaan bersaing bergabung untuk mengeksploitasi baik Swan dan penemuan Edison. Di Amerika, Edison telah bekerja pada salinan dari bola cahaya asli dipatenkan oleh Swan, mencoba untuk membuat mereka lebih efisien. Meskipun Swan telah mengalahkan dia untuk tujuan ini, Edison memperoleh paten di Amerika untuk salinan yang cukup langsung dari cahaya Swan, dan mulai kampanye iklan yang menyatakan bahwa ia adalah penemu nyata.

Swan, yang kurang tertarik dalam membuat uang dari penemuan, sepakat bahwa Edison bisa menjual lampu di Amerika sementara ia mempertahankan hak di Inggris. Sementara mencari filamen bola lampu yang lebih baik untuk itu, Swan sengaja membuat muka lain. Pada tahun ia mengembangkan dan mematenkan proses untuk memeras nitro-selulosa melalui lubang-lubang untuk membentuk serat melakukan.

Perusahaannya baru didirikan yang oleh merger akhirnya menjadi Edison dan Swan Perusahaan Amerika digunakan filamen selulosa Swan dalam lampu mereka. Industri tekstil juga telah menggunakan proses ini. Umum dikenal sebagai Ediswan, perusahaan menjual lampu dibuat dengan filamen selulosa yang Swan telah ditemukan pada tahun Variasi dari filamen selulosa menjadi standar industri, kecuali dengan Perusahaan Edison.

Edison terus menggunakan filamen bambu sampai merger menciptakan Edison General Electric, dan perusahaan yang kemudian bergeser ke selulosa. Pada tahun Ediswan memindahkan produksinya ke pabrik goni mantan merenungkan End, London Utara [19] Pada tahun Ediswan mendirikan radio pertama Inggris pabrik katup termionik di merenungkan. Daerah ini, dengan Brimsdown terdekat kemudian dikembangkan sebagai pusat untuk pembuatan katup termionik, tabung sinar katoda, dll dan bagian terdekat dari Enfield menjadi pusat penting dari industri elektronik untuk sebagian besar abad ke Fotografi Ketika bekerja dengan pelat fotografi basah, Swan melihat bahwa panas meningkatkan kepekaan emulsi perak bromida.

Pada ia telah merancang sebuah metode yang menggunakan pelat kering dan mengganti nitro-selulosa plastik untuk piring kaca, sehingga memulai usia kenyamanan dalam fotografi. Delapan tahun kemudian ia dipatenkan kertas bromida, perkembangan yang masih digunakan untuk hitam-putih cetakan foto. Akhir Hayatnya. Pada tahun Swan terpilih sebagai Fellow dari Royal Society.

Swan menerima paten Inggris untuk perangkatnya pada tahun , sekitar setahun sebelum Thomas Alva Edison. Swan telah melaporkan keberhasilan kepada Newcastle Chemical Society dan pada kuliah di Sunderland Technical College Februari , ia memperlihatkan sebuah lampu kerja. Di Amerika, Thomas Alva Edison telah bekerja dengan salinan dari bola lampu yang dipatenkan oleh Swan, dan mencoba untuk membuat mereka lebih efisien.

Edison mendapat hak paten di Amerika untuk salinan cukup langsung dari cahaya Swan, dan mulai kampanye iklan yang menyatakan bahwa ia adalah penemu nyata.